🇮🇳 The Three Round Table Conferences, 1930 – 1932

Round Table	Who was involved	Purpose	Outcome	Achieved the goal? - how and why
1st	British: - 3 main political parties in Britain India: - Leaders of some of the princely states - 57 representatives chosen by viceroy to represent India opinion - Absence of INC	India: achieve independence and further autonomy British: steam vault the nationalist movement in India	The broad agreements reached at the Round Table Conference were: - A federal state which would include the provinces of British India as well as the princely states. - Provincial autonomy instead of dyarchy in the provinces. - The franchise to be extended to about 10% of the population. This franchise to be based on property or education qualifications. - Separate electorates to ensure due representation for the workers and untouchables.	To India: yes. Although no presentation of INC was included, constitutional agreements were achieved stated in the outcome, which laid the groundwork for future conferences. To British: no, because further nationalism was inspired due to lack of INC consultation.
2nd	British Government Representatives: - Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (Labour Party) - Secretary of State for India, Samuel Hoare Indian Delegates: - Mahatma Gandhi (sole representative of the Indian National Congress) - Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League) - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (representing the Depressed Classes) - Tej Bahadur Sapru (Liberal Party)	- The British aimed to discuss constitutional reforms for India after the Civil Disobedience Movement. - Gandhi attended after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931, which temporarily suspended the protests. - Ambedkar pushed for Dalit rights (leading to the Communal Award later). - Jinnah and Muslim leaders demanded safeguards for Muslims. - Minority groups, such as Sikhs and Christians, sought representation in governance.	Still no major agreement (due to disagreements between Gandhi, Ambedkar, and Muslim leaders).	No, the conference failed to achieve its main goal—agreeing on a constitutional framework for India’s self-government. The conference failed because the British never intended to grant full independence, and Indian leaders were too divided. Instead of unity, it deepened communal tensions, pushing India closer to eventual partition in 1947.
3rd, Nov–Dec 1932	Without the Labour Party and INC Others: - The Princely States - the Muslim League - the Justice Party - the Hindu Mahasabha - and others	Provide many of the provision of the Act in 1935	- “Did not take any significant process” - Constitutional issue to be solved in the Act in 1935 - British government was forced to accept that more constitutional change is necessary (development of Indian Independence movement)	To British government, it’s definitely a failure since they were losing their control on India step by step, as the “imagination/expectation of a balanced administration of dyarchy” was abolished in later Act. To India, it led to the significant The Governance of India Act which regained the power of Indian government from British.